WE ARE WRONG: the key to the COVID-19 problem is the immune system!
WE ARE WRONG: the key to the COVID-19 problem is the immune system!
Gilson Lima
COMPARING WHAT I SAID IN APRIL 2020 WITH WHAT WE HAVE ALREADY DISCOVERED
Resuming.
At the beginning of the pandemic, I used to say that - due to symbiosis, the problem of COVID-19, above all, of deaths was not the virus, but the immune system of some people and I was called a wizard, esoteric. Noise-causing.
In April 2020 I asked for help in the debate and research more specifically with biochemists, microbiologists and specialists in the immune system, for possible interference with scientists from the main SAR-COV-2 confrontation groups. That happened.
My idea was that everything was wrong. We were focusing on the virus and the problem, the center of activity of the disease was ourselves.
The obvious reference was that the military and warfare approach of the Immune System (classical Darwinist) did not match Symbiosis. Our immune system, like our living planet, is a perfect cooperative homeostasis.
It all started after a few months when I researched Chinese scientific articles involving the family of the corona viruses that we knew more closely since 2002.
I also pointed out the misunderstanding by analyzing research in China when the first COVID in 2002 showed that the cytokine storm was always present since death, reinforcing that the problem was in ourselves and not in the virus.
Being focused on the virus - it's good - vaccines, antiviral drugs, but the virus should not be the center of activity for our longer efforts now in the face of responses to serious cases and deaths. However, the center of Activity for COVID-19 is not the virus. The secret of defeating the disease is in ourselves. The Key is the immune system. What is killing symbiotics today is our own immune system, not so much the virus itself.
Checking studies on deaths and situations of worsening symptoms of COVID-19, I was strongly inclined to consider that our efforts - of this planetary scientific task force never seen on this scale - are concentrated on the virus and outside the main activity center of the disease.
Everything indicated that the virus produces a certain condition, which imposes a stress on the immune system for some of us. A super disorganized reaction. The immune system, by overreacting, is causing deaths.
This would not seem like a great novelty if we read with much eyes many of the researches carried out. It is present in a fragmented way in many of them. What is missing is to link the problem as the center of activity. What is not present is this view that the center of the vital problem may be in our immune system.
It was still not known for certain why the passage in some cases from mild to severe symptoms that can even lead to death. It is known that we die from an overreaction of our defenses that can happen in some people. My hypothesis was genetic. A chromosomal error that this virus induces "reading" and a wrong action.
It also happens when we are unable to identify defects in cancer cells, not only with viruses. But given the virulence of this virus - which is quite harmless in the face of so many others, the situation is aggravated in the response capacity - above all - of the Health System that we have set up in our societies.
To understand how individuals acquire immunity to a viral agent, it is necessary to understand the process of immune response to pathogens.
Our immune system is a wonderful living complexity mobilized by peace and understanding, homeostasis is the rule. Just as is our living Planet, which life in a long evolution now replicates on our Symbiotic Planet.
However, as it is a new and atypical virus for our system, it was necessary to better understand this antibiotic reaction caused by the immune system of some people.
First. SARS-Coc-2 was a virus that lived very well with the bat. He was there. In peace. In cooperation. A bat stung a Pangolin - a wild mammal. When studying it and, unintentionally, some Chinese scientists from a Wuhan laboratory ended up releasing their leap in the symbiotic network in this central and industrial region of China.
To better understand this antibiotic connection of recognition strategies, it is necessary to say that our organism identifies these foreign agents by structures that are shared by several of them, known by molecular patterns associated with already known pathogens, PMAPs (in English PAMPs: Pathogens-Associated Molecular Pattern ). Thus, it is said that the immune system was activated.
Therefore, this is done very smoothly for almost all of us and for almost all viruses, but some people are reacting differently not as a means of prevention, but triggering responses that in order to contain that inopportune contact ends up breaking the symbiotic balance of the system (homeostasis).
The first strategy for responding to infectious agents is innate immunity. As it is a new virus, our immune system has no memory to fight it, it will depend entirely on our innate system, which is composed of physical body barriers, chemicals with inhibitory action and specialized cells capable of identifying and neutralizing potential infection agents. , in a generalized and non-specific way.
A question that seems certain was right for EVERYONE and that explained the fluctuations in contagion is the amount of viruses with which our bodies have contact: the viral load. The smaller the amount, the easier it will be to get rid of it in the beginning. The insistence of the virus entering, generating more and more of them - allows it to cross the initial frontier. Our innate response (the organism's first line of defense) would already attack the virus easily. When we receive a high viral load, which happens mainly for health professionals, it is already more difficult to contain.
We now see the production of excessive secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6) [i] - this cytokine, more specifically, can play pro-inflammatory activities called a “cytokine storm.” This is what leads to an acute respiratory distress syndrome , when the body is unable to produce an adequate adaptive response against the virus. This happens for some people and is associated with genetic errors that culminate in deaths and more severe stages of the disease.
We now see the production of excessive secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6) - this cytokine, more specifically, can play pro-inflammatory activities called a “cytokine storm.” This is what leads to an acute respiratory distress syndrome, when the the body is unable to produce an adequate adaptive response against the virus, which happens to some people and is associated with genetic errors that culminate in deaths and more severe stages of the disease.
When the body is unable to produce an adequate adaptive response against the virus, persistent innate induced inflammation can then lead to a cytokine storm in the puilmon and involvement of diffuse organs as well.
During the secretion of cytokines related to a pleotropic role (when a single hereditary gene that controls several characteristics of the phenotype), in this case, throughout the immune system. IL-6 can then block CD8 + cytotoxic T cells by inhibiting gamma interferon secretion.
The lack of Interferon is fundamental to disorganize reactions to the new visitor by our immune system. In addition, IL - 6 inducing suppression of cytokine signaling (SOCS - 3) and increasing expression of PD - 1 paralyzes the cell - mediated antiviral response during a cytokine storm.
So COVID-19 is a response of the immune system is hyperinflammation [i]. The cause was the reaction of some immune systems to the unexpected visitor and not the visitor himself.
HOW DOES IT OCCUR?
We knew that SARS-Cov-2 and SARS-Cov (the one that in 2004 affected more than 8 thousand people in several countries and killed 800 individuals), are very similar.
In fact, their genomes share more than 80% similarity. Therefore, prior knowledge is very valuable. There is evidence that the standard humoral immune response, with some exceptions, does not persist long after the infection has resolved.
Despite this, the antibodies of some cured patients, mainly of the IgG type [ii], are specific against certain parts of the virus.
In addition to antibodies, SARS-CoV-2 infection also stimulates the production of cells in the cellular immune system, TCD4 [iii] and TCD8 [iv]. Both cell types are common in viral infections. While TCD4-type lymphocytes respond to infection by producing cytokines [v] and interleukins [vi], those of TCD8-type [vii] that recognize and eliminate cells infected by the virus.
Although the activation of the immune system is one of the greatest assets in the human organism's response to "pathogens", the vast majority of them are beneficial, including bacteria, and are our friends, many of whom already make up our biotic network allowing us to function better. and be more durable.
This can be verified. Every 10 human cells in our biotic network, only one is human, the others are alliances that the symbiotics have made in a long time, breaking the linear human self and constituting a new, much more complex and lasting species: the symbiotics. Even our DNA is no longer the same as human beings, those of our great-grandparents. Today 25% of our DNA is retrovirus. We are more durable and more evolved thanks to natural symbiosis and medicine, the unnatural symbiosis from science and technology that allowed the emergence of this new, more phylogenetically evolved species: symbiotics. Consciousness is still human and predatory. It comes last and is emerging.
n general, cytokines are produced by cells of both the innate and adaptive immune systems, in order to activate, mediate or regulate the total immune response. They have a short, medium life span and depend on specific receptor-substrate binding, that is, they only activate cells that have the specific receptor.
When the virus is internalized in the cell, it can be easier for those who have a change in a gene and the virus can - thus - reproduce more quickly and infect other cells than most symbiotics.
That would explain a lot. When several cells are already infected, our own immune system, which serves to protect us from viruses and bacteria, can be at risk. The new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) can infect some of the defense cells and cause them to enter a disproportionate struggle in the body. Confused by the infection of the virus, neutrophils and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, important defense cells, can go into high gear, fighting both the enemy and other healthy cells - impairing defense and causing damage to healthy tissues.
At the time, we indicated that this analysis can be detected by checking a set of just a few genes involved in immunity to interferon, a protein produced by leukocytes and fibroblasts to prevent virus replication. With the presence of viral infection in the body, the protein alerts the immune system, which fights the disease.
This can change everything, including the effort to fight the virus by vaccines. The good news is that blocking the immune system's destructive performance can be easier, faster and much cheaper.
The hypothesis was genetic.
Another important issue we were saying is that the DNA normally differs from individual to individual. If your genetic code is "rewarded" with an alteration that facilitates the entry of viruses in cells, the chances of developing a serious condition of covid-19 would be much greater.
Studying in detail why healthy young people die I said that we could verify many news. One of them may be that a failure in one of the immunity genes may help explain that the virus may be killing people much more by the reaction of our own immune system than by its lethality. We could start by focusing on ACE-2, which is responsible for encoding a protein to which the virus connects to infect cells. The ACE-2 gene, which functions as a molecular receptor, has been the gateway to the virus, which also indicates an explanation of why serious cases occur.
Now with the new studies it was found that the genome of these young people compared to the DNA of healthy people revealed the problem was the failure of a gene called TYK2. This gene is the part of the system that makes immune cells more irritable and more inflammatory. If this gene is imperfect, that immune response can go into exhaustion, putting patients at risk for serious lung inflammation.
Another issue that stood out was that they had little Interferon. Genetic differences have also been found in a gene called DPP9, which plays a role in inflammation, and in a gene called OAS, which helps prevent the virus from multiplying. In addition, variations in a gene called IFNAR2 have also been identified in intensive care patients. IFNAR2 is linked to a potent antiviral molecule called interferon, which helps to activate the immune system as soon as an infection is detected. These patients produced less interferon and this gives the virus an initial advantage, allowing it to replicate quickly, leading to more severe conditions.
Other studies had already pointed out the problem of interferon dosing. I found this out in a study in the journal Science that through genetic mutations and an autoimmune disorder that affected its normal production of interferon.
Interferon can be administered as a treatment. That's great. Some studies have concluded that there was no difference with Interferon treatment, but this may be related to the context and that in the first two, three, or four days of infection, interferon may work. Of course, this will require more clinical studies.
However, immediately a type of anti-inflammatory drug called Baricitinib, can now be used for diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis that targets exactly this biological mechanism.
Now we know. Monitoring the cytokines that cause inflammation, especially interleukin 6, will save lives. These are the human molecules that, due to the breakdown of homeostasis, attack ourselves causing inflammation. Indicating that there may or may not be a cytokine storm.
Interleukin 6 - IL-6 is already being measured.
See what Beckman Coulter Dx (an Indianapolis company in the United States) already - Beckman Coulter Life Sciences). See how they are doing now:
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That is quite an achievement!
Now blood tests could also help. And they are not yet done in laboratories could be done through monitoring Interleukin 6 - IKL-6.
So it is very important to block IL - 6 activity as well, reducing immunosuppression aggression by removing antimetabolites, discontinuing or significantly reducing an inhibitor by maintaining small doses of steroids.
In more advanced stages of COVID - 19 (cytokine storm syndrome), treatment should probably focus on reducing uncontrolled inflammation, blocking IL - 6, TNF - alpha or removing cytokines by hemoperfusion.
Tumoral Necrosis Factors Alpha (TNF-α) refers to a group of cytokines capable of causing the death of tumor cells (apoptosis) and which have a wide range of proinflammatory actions. TNF-α is secreted mainly by macrophages [VIII]. Its malfunction can cause painful inflammation in autoimmune and auto inflammatory diseases, septic shock and allow the appearance of tumors.
INDICATION =>
For this reason, I reinforce the need for to create an examination protocol before the discharge of critically ill patients who may still be carrying cytokines in other organs besides the lung (heart and kidney and pancreas mainly).
Laboratories not doing this are possible by flow cytometry technique.
FINAL WORDS
Symbiogenesis helps to go deeper into the cause of disease than the old Darwinian view of war and the struggle for the fittest. We still have urgent needs for new studies and to find new treatments for this disease and we have to make the right choices about the next treatments and this can help a lot in fighting even viruses that will be even more dangerous in the future.
The immune system is also an example of the Darwinian process of adaptation, selection, survival and transmission of characters. At certain times, organisms cooperate in symbiosis and thus adapt, at other times, there is a selection of characters better adapted to environmental conditions.
We owe everything to Darwin he just missed the how (view of the fight). But when he put history in nature and not only in culture as humanists insist today it was the greatest of all heretical ideas in science. We are not human. We are human. We were not yesterday and we will not be tomorrow. Of course, if the neo-Darwinists had not disregarded symbiogenesis and accepted the Gaia Thesis - that Leonardo da Vince already dyed said. If the neo-Darwinists accepted the Gaia hypothesis in homeostasis. We would not be so predatory yet. In this terrible situation of a planet in fever. They delayed us a lot. Imagine what the world would be like today if Lyn Marques had been heard and not taxed as a witch ... As someone said that the cell has cooperative intent ... Imagine the opposite. She winning the Nobel Prize and the world without combustion engines, advanced in the magnetism of symbiotic life cooperating with this living Planet. We would be much more evolved today. Symbiotic awareness has not yet arrived. Neo-Darwinists and the computable cognition class and their reductionisms still reign in science and academia. They are still a brake ... From this we have different tolerances and hopes.
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[i] A Intlerleucina 6 IL-¨- Foi inicialmente descrita como interferon-2 pelo fator estimulador de hepatócito, fator de diferenciação de células B e fator de crescimento de hibridoma/plasmocitoma, sendo o nome IL-6 adquirido na década de 80. Tem ação na hematopoiese levando ao crescimento de células-mãe primitivas hematopoiéticas e Está relacionada ao aumento da maturação e proliferação megacariocítica.
[i] Por isso, alguns defendem, e com equívocos, sem bases consolidadas na insistência do tratamento da COVID-19 com drogas fármacos que tem a característica comum de induzir a remissão ou controle da artrite reumatoide e outras doenças imunomediadas como é o caso da hidroxicloroquina, um medicamento de prateleira antimalárico que também é antirreumático, inibe a produção do fator reumatoide e outros reagentes da fase aguda da inflamação.
[ii] Imunoglobulina G é um anticorpo. É uma imunoglobulina monomérica simples de 150.000 daltons, cadeias pesadas tipo G, que perfaz 80% das imunoglobulinas do organismo. Está igualmente distribuída nos compartimentos extracelulares e é a única que atravessa a placenta. Na COVID-19 os anticorpos de fase aguda da doença, que são os IgM ou IgA, aparecem em torno do 10º dia de sintomas. Já os anticorpos do tipo IgG são produzidos posteriormente pelo organismo e geralmente aparecem a partir do 15º dia de contágio.
[iii] CD4 is a molecule that is expressed on the surface of some T cells, macrophages, monocytes and in the dendritic cell. It is a 59k Da monomeric glycoprotein (gene) that contains four immunoglobulin-like domains. Glycoproteins are proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains (glycans - carbohydrates) covalently linked to polypeptide side chains. Glycan and polysaccharide are defined by IUPAC as synonyms with the following definition: compounds that consist of a large number of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds. Peptides, peptides or peptides are biomolecules formed by the bonding of two or more amino acids through peptide bonds, established between an amino group of one amino acid, and a carboxyl group of the other amino acid. Amino acids are organic substances that have two different functional groups in their constitution: a carboxyl (referring to carboxylic acids) and an amino (referring to amine). Amines are organic substances that have one or more radicals linked to Nitrogen and are widely used in the production of other organic compounds. Amines are nitrogenous organic compounds that are derived from the substance ammonia (NH3) by replacing one or more hydrogens with organic radicals. Peptides are the result of protein processing and may have 2 or more amino acids in their composition.
[iv] CD8 lymphocytes, also called suppressors or cytotoxic, participate in the identification and destruction of cells infected by viruses or affected by cancer. CD8 + T lymphocytes have cytolytic action, that is, they are capable of destroying cells that carry peptides on the surface that they recognize as foreign and to which they specifically bind.
There are two main mechanisms responsible for the death of these cells by these lymphocytes. The first mechanism involves the formation of pores in the membranes and as a result ions and water enter the cell. The second involves apoptosis, which is programmed cell death.
[v] In general, cytokines are produced by cells of both the innate and adaptive immune systems, in order to activate, mediate or regulate the total immune response. They have a short, medium life span and depend on specific receptor-substrate binding, that is, they only activate cells that have the specific receptor.
[vi] Interleukins (from the Greek, between white cells) are some types of proteins produced mainly by leukocytes (also known as white blood cells, a group of cells cells the basic unit of life and are differentiated from multipotent stem cells, originating from of bone marrow and present in the blood, lymph - a liquid that permeates the body, produced when blood passes through capillaries and leaks into the body, lymphoid organs also known as lymphatic tissue) is a type of connective tissue in the lymphatic system that is a complex network of vessels and small structures called lymph nodes that are also called small lymph nodes whose synonym is a group of tissues and in this case they are perforated by channels that exist at different points in the lymphatic network, a network of ducts that forms part of the lymphatic system. White blood cells - interleukins - act in the defense of the human organism and produce antibodies known as immunoglobulins, abbreviated Ig) which are a type of gamma globulin type protepine (glycoprotein), the most abundant fraction of globunins (water-insoluble proteins) in plasma blood, called so and that has the liquid part of the blood and corresponds to 55% of the total volume. In it, also proteins, minerals, carbon dioxide and other substances are dissolved in water. The lymph nodes transport the lymph fluid (lymph) from the tissues back to the circulatory system. The lymphatic system contains a large number of lymphocytes (lymphoid organs and connective tissues) - mainly by T lymphocytes, or T cells that are cells of the immune system and also a group of white blood cells (leukocytes) responsible for defending the body against unknown agents (antigens) : it is any substance foreign to the organism that triggers the production of antibodies), macrophages that are phagocytic hematopoietic cells of myeloid lineage present in the connective tissue or connective tissue that is characterized by presenting various cell types, which are separated by an extracellular matrix composed of fibers and fundamental substance. Myeloid stem cells originate red blood cells (red blood cells or erythrocytes), platelets (or thrombocytes) and leukocytes (white blood cells), such as neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils and monocytes. Lymphoid stem cells give rise to B and T lymphocytes.
Connective tissue also refers to the group of organic tissues responsible for uniting, binding, nourishing, protecting and sustaining other tissues. Connective tissue is distributed by organs such as the liver and lung, and eosinophils, which are the eosinophilic granulocytes, generally called only eosinophils (or, less commonly, acidophils), are cells of the immune system responsible for action against multicellular parasites and certain infections in vertebrates. Along with mast cells (sometimes also referred to as labrocytes), which are also connective and hematopoietic cells located in the bone marrow, they also control mechanisms associated with allergy and asthma.
Hematopoietic by hematopoietic because they develop in the bone marrow (Hematopoiesis, also known as hematopoiesis, hemopoiesis and hemopoiesis, is the process of formation, development and maturation of the figured elements of the blood - erythrocytes or red blood cells - the red cells are morphological units of the series red blood, also called erythrocytes or red blood cells, which are present in the body fluid called blood and are present in it in a number of about 4.5 to 6.0 x 106 / mm³, under normal conditions, consisting basically of globulin which are water insoluble proteins, soluble in dilute saline, acidic or basic solutions, and coagulable (clot is the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel) by heat. Basic here is a base (also called alkali - base too ), according to classical chemistry, is any substance that uniquely and exclusively releases the anion, an ion with a negative charge OH– (hydroxyl or oxyhydryl ions - base s of hydroxides - a chemical function, the best known examples are sodium hydroxide (NaOH), commonly known as "caustic soda", and potassium hydroxide (KOH), also known as "caustic potash". Hydroxides are characterized by their basic character (they stain litmus paper blue - litmus blue or litmus paper which is a water-soluble indicator). as the best known example is caustic soda) in aqueous solution). Finally, hemoglobin (often abbreviated as Hb) is a metalloprotein that is a protein (biological amino acid molecule) that contains one or more metal ions in its structure, in this case it contains iron, present in red blood cells (erythrocytes) and that allows the transport of oxygen through the circulatory system. Its function is to transport oxygen (mainly) and carbon dioxide (CO2) (in smaller quantities) to tissues. Erythrocytes live for approximately 120 days.
In addition to white blood cells or leukocytes, platelets or thrombocytes are a component of blood in the blood whose function (together with clotting factors) is to stop bleeding by clumping and forming clots in lesions in the blood vessels. Platelets have no nuclei: they are fragments of cytoplasm derived from megakaryotic cells responsible for the production of bone marrow platelets (the factory also known as marrow, is a liquid-gelatinous tissue that fills the internal cavity of several bones and manufactures the figured elements of blood peripheral as: red blood cells (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells) and platelets), which enter the circulation. Platelets are only found in mammals, and in other animals (such as birds or amphibians), thrombocytes circulate as intact mononucleated cells and platelets - from a common and undifferentiated cell precursor known as pluripotent hematopoietic cell, stem cell or stem cell . Stem cells, which are found in the bone marrow in adults, are responsible for forming all cells and cell derivatives that circulate in the blood) before migrating to peripheral blood. Each has its own functions, most of which are involved in the activation or suppression of the immune system that carries the body against diseases and also in inducing the division of other cells. They also have a function in memory and are used as a medicine.
There are more than 36 types of interleukins, numbered in the order of their discovery, and some can be divided into subtypes according to their activity, for example, IL-1a, IL-1b and IL-1ra. Formerly they had names according to their action, for example, "neutrophil chemotactic factor" for IL-8, who ignored that they could have multiple functions. Chemotactic is one of the functions in inflammation to chemotaxis. Proteins present in neutrophil lysosomes are chemotactic for monocytes. Derivatives of cells.
The effect that an interleukin produces depends on the cell that captures it, acting as a captain who gives a different order for each type of soldier. Many of its effects occur in a chain and inhibit the immune system, for example, interleukin 10 (IL-10) is produced by regulatory T lymphocytes (LTr) to inhibit the activity of other T lymphocytes while stimulating other LTr to produce more IL-10. This autoimmunosuppression (immunosuppression is the act of reducing the activity or efficiency of the immune system) is important to avoid excessive responses. Autoimmunity, which is the failure of a functional division of the immune system called self-tolerance, which results in immune responses against the body's own cells and tissues. Any disease that results from this type of response is called an autoimmune disease.
[vii] CD8 + T lymphocytes have to be able to destroy cells that carry peptides on the surface that they recognize as foreign and to which they specifically bind. There are two main mechanisms responsible for the death of these cells by these lymphocytes. The first mechanism involves the formation of pores in the membranes and as a result ions and water enter the cell. The second involves apoptosis, which is programmed cell death.
For this to occur, the activated CD8 + T lymphocyte produces two proteins involved in this process. They are perforin and granzyme. These proteins are concentrated in membrane-bound cytoplasmic granules. Granule, in cell biology, is a small particle. It can be any particle visible under an optical microscope and is often used to describe secretory vesicles. Cytoplasmic granules are generally responsible for storing the product of glandular cell secretions.
The membranes of the lymphocyte and the target cell fuse and, through an exocytosis process, the CD8 + T lymphocyte transfers the contents of these granules that lead to cell lysis. Exocytosis is the biological process by which a living eukaryotic cell releases substances into the extracellular fluid, either the fluid that surrounds the cells of a tissue, in multicellular organisms, or to the aquatic environment, by modifying the cell membrane, that is, without by diffusion.
Perforin is a pore-forming protein in the cell membrane and granzymes are serine proteases (serine proteases) that enter the target cell through the pores formed by perforin (perforin is a pore-forming cytotoxic effector protein, expressed specifically in T cells These proteins are stored in their active form in cytotoxic granules and are only released to exercise their function after the recognition of the antigen on the surface of a target cell, its molecules are grouped on the surface in the plasma membrane of the target cell, forming a channel which allows the transfer of proteolytic enzymes located in defense cells), they - the perforins - induce apoptosis. Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death, or "cell suicide". It is different from necrosis, in which cells die because of an injury. Apoptosis is an orderly process, in which the cell's contents are compacted into small membrane packages for "garbage collection" by the cells of the immune system.
After acting on the cell, the CD8 + T lymphocyte shuts down without any injury. In addition to acting on cell destruction, they also secrete cytokines that activate phagocytic cells (Phagocytes are blood leukocytes that protect the body through ingestion (phagocytosis) of foreign particles, bacteria (a type of biological cell) and dead cells or cells to die) and also induce inflammation.
[VIII] Macrophages are phagocytic hematopoietic cells of myeloid lineage present in connective tissue and are distributed by organs such as the liver and lung. They originate in the bone marrow having as precursors the monocytes that circulate in the bloodstream and temporarily migrate to the tissues, through inflammatory stimuli, where they differentiate and start to perform specific functions. Macrophages are important cells of the immune system because they participate in innate immunity, with the main functions of phagocytosis of foreign particles, presenting antigen to lymphocytes (APC), promoting inflammatory response, tissue reorganization and microbial action. This phagocytosis process leads to the activation of macrophages and the induction of the release of a series of molecules, such as the secretion of cytokines that are proteins capable of promoting the interaction between macrophages and lymphocytes, acting on their growth and differentiation. These cells are also active in the process of physiological involution of some organs. This is the case of the uterus, which after delivery undergoes a reduction in volume, with a notable participation of macrophages in this process.
